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A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key-meaning associations (respectively) of a, or other keyboard.Mechanical layout is the placements and keys of a keyboard. Visual layout is the arrangement of the legends (labels, markings, engravings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard. Functional layout is the arrangement of the key-meaning associations, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard.Most computer keyboards are designed to send to the rather than directly sending characters to it. From there, the series of scancodes is converted into a character stream by keyboard layout software.
This allows a physical keyboard to be dynamically mapped to any number of layouts without switching hardware components – merely by changing the software that interprets the keystrokes. It is usually possible for an advanced user to change keyboard operation, and third-party software is available to modify or extend keyboard functionality. A typical computer keyboard consists of sections with different types of keys.A computer keyboard consists of alphanumeric or character keys for typing, modifier keys for altering the functions of other keys, navigation keys for moving the on the screen, and system command keys – such as and – for special actions, and often a to facilitate calculations.There is some variation between different keyboard models in the mechanical layout – i.e., how many keys there are and how they are positioned on the keyboard. However, differences between national layouts are mostly due to different selections and placements of symbols on the character keys.Character keys The core section of a keyboard consists of character keys, which can be used to type and other characters. Typically, there are three rows of keys for typing letters and, an upper row for typing and special symbols, and the on the bottom row.
The positioning of the character keys is similar to the keyboard of a.Modifier keys. Keyboard of a Letter-Printing Telegraph Set built by in Russia c. 1900Keyboard layouts have evolved over time, usually alongside major technology changes. Particularly influential have been: the (1874, also known as Remington No. 1), the first commercially successful typewriter, which introduced QWERTY; its successor, the Remington No.
2 (1878), which introduced the shift key; the (1961), a very influential electric typewriter, which was imitated by computer keyboards; and the (1981), namely the (1985), which is the basis for many modern keyboard layouts.Within a community, keyboard layout is generally quite stable, due to the high training cost of touch-typing, and the resulting of having a standard layout and high of retraining, and the suboptimal QWERTY layout is a case study in switching costs. Nevertheless, significant market forces can result in changes (as in Turkish adoption of QWERTY), and non-core keys are more prone to change, as they are less frequently used and less subject to the lock-in of touch-typing. The main, alphanumeric portion is typically stable, while symbol keys and shifted key values change somewhat, modifier keys more so, and function keys most of all: QWERTY dates to the No. 1 (1874) (though 1 and 0 were added later), shifted keys date in some cases to the No.
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2 (1878), in other cases to the Selectric (1961), and modifier key placement largely dates to the Model M (1985); function key placement typically dates to the Model M, but varies significantly, particularly on laptops.The earliest mechanical keyboards were used in musical instruments to play particular notes. With the advent of the, a keyboard was needed to select characters. Some of the earliest machines used a layout similar to a piano keyboard.In countries using the, the center, alphanumeric portion of the modern keyboard is most often based on the design by, who laid out the keys in such a way that common two-letter combinations were placed on opposite sides of the keyboard so that his mechanical keyboard would not jam, and laid out the keys in rows offset horizontally from each other by three-eighths, three-sixteenths, and three-eighths inches to provide room for the levers. Although it has been demonstrated that the QWERTY layout is not the most efficient layout for typing, it remains the standard.Sholes chose the size of the keys to be on three-quarter ¾, or 0.75 inch centers (about 19 mm, versus which are 23.5 mm or about 0.93 inches wide). 0.75 inches has turned out to be optimum for fast key entry by the average size hand, and keyboards with this key size are called 'full-sized keyboards'.On a manual typewriter, the operator could press the key down with a lighter touch for such characters as the period or comma, which did not occupy as much area on the paper.
Since an electric typewriter supplied the force to the typebar itself after the typist merely touched the key, the typewriter itself had to be designed to supply different force for different characters. To simplify this, the most common layout for electric typewriters in the United States differed from that for the one most common on manual typewriters.
Single-quote and double-quote, instead of being above the keys for the digits 2 and 8 respectively, were placed together on a key of their own. The underscore, another light character, replaced the asterisk above the hyphen.The ASCII communications code was designed so that characters on a mechanical teletypewriter keyboard could be laid out in a manner somewhat resembling that of a manual typewriter. This was imperfect, as some shifted special characters were moved one key to the left, as the number zero, although on the right, was low in code sequence. Later, when computer terminals were designed from less expensive electronic components, it wasn't necessary to have any bits in common between the shifted and unshifted characters on a given key. This eventually led to standards being adopted for the 'bit-pairing' and 'typewriter-pairing' forms of keyboards for computer terminals.The typewriter-pairing standard came under reconsideration, on the basis that typewriters have many different keyboard arrangements. Keyboard for the IBM PC, although it resembles the typewriter-pairing standard in most respects, differs in one significant respect: the braces are on the same two keys as the brackets, as their shifts. This innovation predated the IBM Personal Computer by several years.The standard 101/102-key PC keyboard layout was invented by Mark Tiddens of Corporation in 1982.
adopted the layout on the PS/2 in 1987 (after previously using an 84-key keyboard which did not have separate cursor and numeric key pads).Most modern keyboards basically conform to the layout specifications contained in parts 1, 2, and 5 of the international standard series. These specifications were first defined by the user group at in 1984 working under the direction of Alain Souloumiac. Based on this work, a well known ergonomic expert wrote a report which was adopted at the ISO Berlin meeting in 1985 and became the reference for keyboard layouts.The 104/105-key PC keyboard was born when two ⊞ keys and a ≣ key were added on the bottom row (originally for the operating system). Newer keyboards may incorporate even further additions, such as Internet access (World Wide Web navigation) keys and multimedia (access to media players) buttons.Mechanical, visual, and functional layouts As noted before, the layout of a keyboard may refer to its mechanical (physical arrangement of keys), visual (physical labeling of keys), or functional (software response to a keypress) layout.Mechanical layouts. A comparison of common mechanical layouts. The ISO mechanical layout (center left) is common, e.g., in the. Compared with the ANSI layout (top left), the is vertical rather than horizontal.
In addition, the left is smaller, to make room for an additional key to its right. The JIS mechanical layout (bottom right) is the basis for keyboards. Here it is the right-hand shift key that is smaller. Furthermore, the and are also smaller, to make room for four additional keys.Mechanical layouts only address tangible differences among keyboards.
When a key is pressed, the keyboard does not send a message such as the A-key is depressed but rather the left-most main key of the home row is depressed. (Technically, each key has an internal reference number, 'raw keycodes', and these numbers are what is sent to the computer when a key is pressed or released.) The keyboard and the computer each have no information about what is marked on that key, and it could equally well be the letter A or the digit 9. The user of the computer is requested to identify the functional layout of the keyboard when installing or customizing the.Today, most keyboards use one of three different mechanical layouts, usually referred to as simply ISO (-2), ANSI (- 154-1988), and JIS ( X 6002-1980), referring roughly to the organizations issuing the relevant worldwide, United States, and Japanese standards, respectively. (In fact, the mechanical layouts referred such as 'ISO' and 'ANSI' comply to the primary recommendations in the named standards, while each of these standards in fact also allows the other way.) Keyboard layout in this sense may refer either to this broad categorization or to finer distinctions within these categories. For example, as of May 2008 produces ISO, ANSI, and JIS desktop keyboards, each in both extended and compact forms.
The extended keyboards have 110, 109, and 112 keys (ISO, ANSI, and JIS, respectively), and the compact models have 79, 78, and 80.Visual layouts. A visual layout consisting of both factory-printed symbols and customized stickers.A Visual layout refers to the symbols printed on the physical keycaps. Visual layouts vary by language, country, and user preference, and any one mechanical and functional layout can be employed with a number of different visual layouts. For example, the 'ISO' keyboard layout is used throughout Europe, but typical French, German, and UK variants of mechanically identical keyboards appear different because they bear different legends on their keys. Even blank keyboards – with no legends – are sometimes used to learn typing skills or by user preference.Some users choose to attach custom labels on top of their keycaps. This can be e.g. For masking foreign layouts, adding additional information such as, learning aid, gaming controls, or solely for decorational purposes.Functional layouts The functional layout of the keyboard refers to the mapping between the physical keys, such as the A key, and software events, such as the letter 'A' appearing on the screen.
Usually the functional layout is set to match the visual layout of the keyboard being used, so that pressing a key will produce the expected result, corresponding to the legends on the keyboard. However, most have software that allow the user to easily switch between functional layouts, such as the in. For example, a user with a Swedish keyboard who wishes to type more easily in German may switch to a functional layout intended for German – without regard to key markings – just as a touch typist may choose a Dvorak layout regardless of the visual layout of the keyboard used.Customized functional layouts.
Sections on a standard 104 keyboard. Percentages and relevant values of keys denote the presence of keys at common keyboard sizes.Modern keyboard models contain a set number of total keys according to their given standard, described as 104, 105, etc. And sold as 'standard' keyboards.
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This number is not always followed, and individual keys or whole sections are commonly skipped for the sake of compactness or user preference. The most common choice is to not include the numpad, which can usually be fully replaced by the alphanumeric section. Laptops and wireless peripherals often lack duplicate keys and ones seldom used. Function- and arrow keys are nearly always present. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: – ( March 2012) Although there are a large number of keyboard layouts used for languages written with, most of these layouts are quite similar.
They can be divided into three main families according to where the Q, A, Z, M, and Y keys are placed on the keyboard. These are usually named after the first six letters.While the core of the keyboard, the alphabetic section, remains fairly constant, and the numbers from 1–9 are almost invariably on the top row, keyboards differ vastly in:. the placement of punctuation characters,. which punctuation characters are included,.
whether numbers are accessible directly or in a shift-state,. the presence and placement of and letters with.The actual mechanical keyboard is of the basic ISO, ANSI, or JIS type; functioning is entirely determined by operating-system or other software. It is customary for keyboards to be used with a particular software keyboard mapping to be engraved appropriately; for example, when the ⇧ and numeric 2 keys are pressed simultaneously on a US keyboard; '@' is generated, and the key is engraved appropriately. On a UK keyboard this key combination generates the double-quote character, and UK keyboards are so engraved.In the keyboard charts listed below, the primary letters or characters available with each alphanumeric key are often shown in black in the left half of the key, whereas characters accessed using the key appear in blue in the right half of the corresponding key. Symbols representing usually appear in red.QWERTY.
(American Simplified Keyboard layout).The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (DSK) layout, also known as the American Simplified Keyboard (ASK) layout, was named after its inventor,. There are also numerous adaptations for languages other than English, and single-handed variants. Dvorak's original layout had the numerals rearranged, but the present-day layout has them in numerical order. The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard has numerous properties designed to increase typing speed, decrease errors, and increase comfort. Research has found a 4% average advantage to the end user in typing speed. The layout concentrates the most used English letters in the home row where the fingers rest, thus having 70% of typing done in the home row (compared to 32% in QWERTY).The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard is available out-of-the-box on most, making switching through software very easy. 'Hardwired' Dvorak keyboards are also available, though only from specialized hardware companies.
Colemak keyboard layout (US)The Colemak layout is another popular alternative to the standard QWERTY layout, offering a more familiar change for users already accustomed to the standard layout.It builds upon the QWERTY layout as a base, changing the positions of 17 keys while retaining the QWERTY positions of most non-alphabetic characters and many popular, supposedly making it easier to learn than for people who already type in QWERTY without sacrificing efficiency. It shares several design goals with the Dvorak layout, such as minimizing finger path distance and making heavy use of the home row. An additional defining (albeit optional) feature of the Colemak layout is the lack of a key; an additional key occupies the position typically occupied by Caps Lock on modern keyboards.such, and allow a user to switch to the Colemak layout.
A program to install the layout is available for, as well as a implementation.Colemak variants exist, like Colemak Mod-DH.Workman. Workman layout for the English language, showing home keys highlighted.Workman is an English layout supported out-of-the-box in Linux/X11 systems.The Workman layout employs a hypothesis about the preferential movement of each finger rather than categorically considering the lowest letter row to be least accessible. Specifically, the index finger prefers to curl inwards rather than stretch outwards. So for the index finger, the position of second preference goes to the bottom row rather than the top row.
Contrarily, the middle and ring fingers are relatively long and prefer to stretch out rather than curl in. Based on this, weighting is allotted to each key specifically rather than each row generically.Another principle applied is that it is more natural and less effort to curl in or stretch out fingers rather than rotate one's wrist inwards or outwards. Thus the Workman layout allots a lower priority to the two innermost columns between the home keys (G and H columns on a QWERTY layout), similarly to the Colemak-DH or 'Curl' mods.
Workman also balances the load quite evenly between both hands.The Workman layout is found to achieve overall less travel distance of the fingers for the English language than even Colemak. It does however generally incur higher same-finger n-gram frequencies; or in other words, one finger will need to hit two keys in succession more often than in other layouts.Other English layouts There are many other layouts for English, each developed with differing basic principles. The CarpalX study lists many of these alternatives and analyses their relative strengths based on certain parameters.The Norman Layout, like Workman, deprioritizes the central columns but gives more load to the right hand with the assumption that the right hand is more capable than the left. It also gives importance to retaining letters in the same position or at least the same finger as QWERTY.MTGAP's Layout for a Standard Keyboard / an Ergonomic Keyboard has the lowest finger travel for a standard keyboard, and travel distance for an ergonomic keyboard second only to Arensito keyboard layout.Further variations were created using the keyboard layout optimizer.Other layouts lay importance on minimal key deviation from QWERTY to give a reasonable increase in typing speed and ergonomics with minimal relearning of keys. Qwpr keyboard layout (letters moved from QWERTY in teal, or yellow if different hand).Qwpr is a layout which changes only 11 basic keys from their QWERTY positions, with only 2 of them changing fingers. Minimak has versions which changes four, six, eight, or twelve keys, all have only 3 keys change finger. These intend to offer much of the reduced finger movement of Dvorak without the steep learning curve and with an increased ability to remain proficient with a QWERTY keyboard.
The Qwpr layout is also designed for programmers and multilingual users, as it uses Caps Lock as a 'punctuation shift', offering quicker access to ASCII symbols and arrow keys, as well as to 15 dead keys for typing hundreds of different glyphs such as accented characters, mathematical symbols, or.In Canada, the is designed to write several languages, especially French.Sholes 2nd Layout , inventor of the QWERTY layout, created his own alternative in 1898. The patent was granted in 1896.Similar to Dvorak, he placed all the vowels on the home row, but in this case on the right hand.
The layout is right-hand biased with both the vowels and many of the most common consonants on the right side of the layout.JCUKEN (Latin). Neo Layout, layer 1The Neo layout is an optimized keyboard layout developed in 2004 by the Neo Users Group, supporting nearly all alphabets, including the, the and some African languages.The positions of the letters are not only optimized for German letter frequency, but also for typical groups of two or three letters. English is considered a major target as well. The design tries to enforce the alternating usage of both hands to increase typing speed. It is based on ideas from de-ergo and other ergonomic layouts.
The high frequency keys are placed in the home row. The current layout Neo 2.0 has unique features not present in other layouts, making it suited for many target groups such as programmers, mathematicians, scientists or authors. Neo is grouped in different layers, each designed for a special purpose. Blick keyboard for computers.The, designed by George Canfield Blickensderfer in 1892, was known for its novel keyboard layout, its interchangeable font, and its suitability for travel. The Blickensderfer keyboard had three banks (rows of keys), with special characters being entered using a separate Shift key; the home row was, uniquely, the bottom one (i.e. The typist kept her hands on the bottom row).
A computer or standard typewriter keyboard, on the other hand, has four banks of keys, with home row being second from bottom.To fit on a Sholes-patterned (typewriter or computer) keyboard, the Blickensderfer layout was modified by Nick Matavka in 2012, and released for both. To accommodate the differences between Blickensderfer and Sholes keyboards ( not the layouts, but the keyboards themselves), the order of the rows was changed and special characters were given their own keys.The keyboard drivers created by Nick Matavka for the modified Blickensderfer layout (nicknamed the 'Blick') have several variations, including one that includes the option of switching between Blick and another keyboard layout and one that is internationalised, allowing the entry of. Main article:, such as the and, allow letters and words to be entered using combinations of keys in a single stroke. Users of stenotype machines regularly reach rates of 225 words per minute. These systems are commonly used for real-time transcription by court reporters and in live closed captioning systems. Ordinary keyboards may be adapted for this purpose using. However, due to hardware constraints, chording three or more keys may not work as expected.
Many high-end keyboards support and so do not have this limitation.The multi-touch screens of mobile devices allow implementation of virtual on-screen. Buttons are fewer, so they can be made larger.
Symbols on the keys can be changed dynamically depending on what other keys are pressed, thus eliminating the need to memorize combos for characters and functions before use. For example, in the chorded which has been adapted for the, Apple, MS, and Intel /Harmattan platforms, thumbs are used for chording by pressing one or two keys at the same time. The layout divides the keys into two separate pads which are positioned near the sides of the screen, while text appears in the middle. The most frequent letters have dedicated keys and do not require chording.Some other layouts have also been designed specifically for use with mobile devices. The layout is optimised for use with a stylus by placing the most commonly used letters closest to the centre and thus minimising the distance travelled when entering words. A similar concept was followed to research and develop the keyboard layout for fast text entry with stylus or finger.
The ATOMIK layout, designed for stylus use, was developed by IBM using the to mathematically minimize the movement necessary to spell words in English. The ATOMIK keyboard layout is an alternative to QWERTY in ShapeWriter's WritingPad software.
ASETNIOP is a keyboard layout designed for that uses 10 input points, eight of them on the. Other original layouts and layout design software. United-States 3D Keyboard-LayoutSeveral other alternative keyboard layouts have been designed either for use with specialist commercial keyboards (e.g. And ) or by hobbyists (e.g. Asset, Arensito, Minimak, Norman, Qwpr and Workman ); however, none of them are in widespread use, and many of them are merely proofs of concept. Keyboard layoutuses its own layout designed to correspond, to the extent practicable, to its QWERTY counterpart, thus easing the learning curve in either direction. For example, the letter ល is typed on the same key as the letter L on the English-based qwerty.Since Khmer has no capitalization, but many more letters than Latin, the shift key is used to select between two distinct letters.
For most consonants, the shift key selects between a 'first series' consonant (unshifted) and the corresponding 'second series' consonant (shifted), e.g, ត (dtaw) and ទ (dto) on the T key, or ប (baw) and ព (bpo) on the B key. For most vowels, the two on the key are consecutive in the Khmer alphabet.Although Khmer has no capital or lowercase, per se, there are two forms for consonants. All but one (ឡ) have a second, 'subscript', form to be used when it occurs as the second (or, rarely, third) letter in a consonant cluster. The glyph below the letter ញ on the J key cap produces a non-printing character, U+17D2, which functions to indicate that the following Khmer letter is to be rendered subscripted.Khmer is written with no spaces between words, but lines may only be broken at word boundaries. The spacebar therefore produces a zero width space (non-printable U+200B) for invisible word separation.
SHIFT+SPACE produces visible spaces (U+0020) which are used as punctuation, e.g., to separate items in lists, etc.There are five vowel signs that appear on the key caps, and are considered single letters in the Khmer alphabet, but are not assigned to unicode code points. They are instead represented by two consecutive vowel sign codes, the glyphs of which combine to make the vowel's glyph, e.g, េះ (eh) is stored as េ (ay) U+17C1 followed by ះ (ah) U+17C7. The Khmer keyboard map does not send the code pair sequence, however.
It sends one officially-unassigned code (from the Khmer block). It is up to the running application to recognize these codes and insert the appropriate code pair into the document. Windows keyboard layoutThe most common keyboard layout in modern Russia is the so-called Windows layout, which is the default layout used in the operating system. The layout was designed to be compatible with the hardware standard in many other countries, but introduced compromises to accommodate the larger alphabet. The full stop and comma symbols share a key, requiring the shift key to be held to produce a comma, despite the high relative frequency of comma in the language.There are some other Russian keyboard layouts in use: in particular, the traditional Russian Typewriter layout (punctuation symbols are placed on numerical keys, one needs to press Shift to enter numbers) and the Russian DOS layout (similar to the Russian Typewriter layout with common punctuation symbols on numerical keys, but numbers are entered without Shift). The Russian Typewriter layout can be found on many Russian typewriters produced before the 1990s, and it is the default Russian keyboard layout in the operating system.Keyboards in Russia always have Cyrillic letters on the keytops as well as Latin letters. Usually Cyrillic and Latin letters are labeled with different colors.Russian QWERTY/QWERTZ-based phonetic layouts.
Keyboard layoutApart from a set of characters common to most Cyrillic alphabets, the Serbian Cyrillic layout uses six additional special characters unique or nearly unique to the:, and.Due to the nature of the language, actual physical keyboards with the Serbian Cyrillic layout printed on the keys are uncommon today. Typical keyboards sold in Serbian-speaking markets are marked with Serbian Latin characters and used with both the Latin and Cyrillic layout configured in the software. What makes the two layouts this readily interchangeable is that the non-alphabetic keys are identical between them, and alphabetic keys always correspond directly to their counterparts (except the Latin letters Q, W, X, and Y that have no Cyrillic equivalents, and the Cyrillic letters Љ, Њ and Џ whose Latin counterparts are digraphs LJ, NJ and DŽ). This also makes the Serbian Cyrillic layout a rare example of a non-Latin layout based on QWERTZ.The Macedonian is on this keyboard despite not being used in Serbian Cyrillic. The and can be typed by striking the apostrophe key then striking the G or K key.There is also a dedicated Macedonian keyboard that is based on QWERTY (LjNjERTDz) and uses Alt Gr to type the dje and tshe. However, the capital forms are next to the small forms. An alternative version of the layout is quite different and has no dje or tshe access.
This alternative was not supported until Windows Vista. Keyboard layout in comparison to US layoutThe usual layout follows the US layout for letters related to Latin letters (ABDEHIKLMNOPRSTXYZ, ΑΒΔΕΗΙΚΛΜΝΟΠΡΣΤΧΥΖ, respectively), substitutes visually or phonetically similar letters (Φ at F; Γ at G) and uses the remaining slots for the remaining Greek letters: Ξ at J; Ψ at C; Ω at V; Θ at U).Greek has two fewer letters than English, but has two which, because of their frequency, are placed on the home row at the U.K. ';' position; they are. Word-final has its own position as well, replacing W, and semicolon (which is used as a question mark in Greek) and colon move to the position of Q.The Greek Polytonic layout has various dead keys to input the accented letters.
There is also the Greek 220 layout and the Greek 319 layout. Naqittaut keyboard layout forhas two similar, though not identical, commonly available keyboard layouts for Windows.
Both contain a basic Latin layout in its base and shift states, with a few Latin characters in the AltGr shift states. The can be found in the Capslock and AltGr shift states in both layouts as well.The difference between the two layouts lies in the use of as an alternate to AltGr to create the dotted, long vowel syllables, and the mapping of the small plain consonants to the Caps + number keys in the 'Naqittaut' layout, while the 'Latin' layout does not have access to the plain consonants, and can only access the long vowel syllables through the AltGr shift states.Cherokee. This section does not any.
Unsourced material may be challenged. ( June 2013) , and require special input methods, often abbreviated to (Input Method Editors), due to the thousands of possible characters in these languages. Various methods have been invented to fit every possibility into a QWERTY keyboard, so East Asian keyboards are essentially the same as those in other countries. However, their input methods are considerably more complex, without one-to-one mappings between keys and characters.In general, the range of possibilities is first narrowed down (often by entering the desired character's pronunciation).
Then, if there remains more than one possibility, the desired is selected, either by typing the number before the character, or using a graphical menu to select it. The computer assists the typist by using to guess which character is most likely desired.
Although this may seem painstaking, East Asian input methods are today sufficient in that, even for beginners, typing in these languages is only slightly slower than typing English.In Japanese, the QWERTY-based keyboard layout is used, and the pronunciation of each character is entered using various approximations to or romanization. There are several -based typing methods. See also.Chinese has the most complex and varied input methods.
Characters can either be entered by pronunciation (like Japanese and Hanja in Korean), or by structure. Most of the structural methods are very difficult to learn but extremely efficient for experienced typists, as there is no need to select characters from a menu. For detailed description, see.There exist a variety of other, slower methods in which a character may be entered. If the pronunciation of a character is not known, the selection can be narrowed down by giving its component shapes, and count. Also, many input systems include a 'drawing pad' permitting 'handwriting' of a character using a.
Finally, if the computer does not have CJK software installed, it may be possible to enter a character directly through its number (e.g. ).In contrast to Chinese and Japanese, Korean is typed similarly to Western languages. There exist two major forms of keyboard layouts: Dubeolsik (두벌식), and Sebeolsik (세벌식). Dubeolsik, which shares its symbol layout with the QWERTY keyboard, is much more commonly used. While Korean consonants and vowels ( ) are grouped together into syllabic grids when written, the script is essentially, and therefore typing in Korean is quite simple for those who understand the Korean alphabet.
Each jamo is assigned to a single key. As the user types letters, the computer automatically groups them into syllabic characters.
Given a sequence of jamo, there is only one unambiguous way letters can be validly grouped into syllables, so the computer groups them together as the user types.Hangul (for Korean). Sebeolsik 390 Hangul keyboard layoutSebeolsik 390 (세벌식 390; 3-set 390) was released in 1990. It is based on Dr. Kong Byung Woo's earlier work. This layout is notable for its compatibility with the QWERTY layout; almost all QWERTY symbols that are not alphanumeric are available in Hangul mode. Numbers are placed in three rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right (shown green in the picture), and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left (shown red).
Some consonant clusters are not printed on the keyboard; the user has to press multiple consonant keys to input some consonant clusters, unlike Sebeolsik Final. It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use. Sebeolsik Final Hangul keyboard layoutSebeolsik Final (세벌식 최종; 3-set Final) is another Hangul keyboard layout in use in South Korea. It is the final Sebulsik layout designed by Dr. Kong Byung Woo, hence the name. Numbers are placed on two rows. Syllable-initial consonants are on the right, and syllable-final consonants and consonant clusters are on the left.
Vowels are in the middle. All consonant clusters are available on the keyboard, unlike the Sebeolsik 390 which does not include all of them.
It is more ergonomic than the dubeolsik, but is not in wide use. Japanese Apple keyboard layout with Hiragana keys. Media related to at Wikimedia CommonsThe standard layout includes Japanese in addition to a QWERTY style layout. The shifted values of many keys (digits, together with:. ) are a legacy of, dating to ASCII telex machines and terminals of the 1960s and 1970s.For entering Japanese, the most common method is entering text phonetically, as (transliterated) kana, which are then converted to as appropriate by an. It is also possible to type kana directly, depending on the mode used.
To type たかはし, 'Takahashi', a Japanese name, one could type either T A K A H A S( H) I in Romanized input mode, or Q T F D in kana input mode. Then the user can proceed to the conversion step to convert the input into the appropriate kanji.The in the bottom row (, and the / switch key), and the special keys in the leftmost column (the key at the upper left corner, and the key at the position), control various aspects of the conversion process and select different modes of input. The 'Thumb-shift' layout. Note the multiple letters and the two modifying keys. ' シフト' means L/R Thumb Shift, ' 後退' means ← Backspace, ' 取消' means Delete, and ' 空白' means Space keys.The layout is based on kana input, but uses two modifying keys replacing the space bar.
When a key is pressed simultaneously with one of the keys, it yields another letter. Letters with the 'dakuten' diacritic are typed with the opposite side 'thumb shift'. Letters with 'handakuten' are either typed while the conventional pinky-operated shift key is pressed (that is, each key corresponds to a maximum of 4 letters), or, on the 'NICOLA' variation, on a key which does not have a dakuten counterpart.The H key in the QWERTY layout individually yields は, but with the 変換 ( R Thumb Shift) key, yields み. Simultaneous input with 無変換 ( L Thumb Shift) yields ば, which is the individually mapped letter with the aforementioned dakuten. While the pinky-operated ⇧ Shift key is pressed, the same key yields ぱ. (This same letter must be typed with 無変換( L Thumb Shift) + Y on the NICOLA variant.)For more details, see the section on above, and the articles,.
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You’ll need some computer skills to use this method. Option 1: Update drivers automaticallyThe for Lenovo devices is intelligent software which automatically recognizes your computer’s operating system and Mouse / Keyboard model and finds the most up-to-date drivers for it.
There is no risk of installing the wrong driver. The Driver Update Utility downloads and installs your drivers quickly and easily.You can scan for driver updates automatically with the FREE version of the Driver Update Utility for Lenovo, and complete all necessary driver updates using the premium version.Tech Tip: The will back up your current drivers for you. If you encounter any problems while updating your drivers, you can use this feature to restore your previous drivers and configuration settings.Download the for Lenovo.Double-click on the program to run it.
It will then scan your computer and identify any problem drivers. You will see a results page similar to the one below:.Click the Update Driver button next to your driver. The correct version will be downloaded and installed automatically. Or, you can click the Update Drivers button at the bottom to automatically download and install the correct version of all the drivers that are missing or out-of-date on your system.Option 2: Update drivers manuallyTo find the latest driver, including Windows 10 drivers, choose from our or for the driver that fits your specific Mouse / Keyboard model and your PC’s operating system.If you cannot find the right driver for your device, you can.
We will find it for you. Or, try the option instead.Tech Tip: If you are having trouble finding the right driver update, use the. It is software which finds, downloads and istalls the correct driver for you - automatically.After downloading your driver update, you will need to install it.
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Driver updates come in a variety of file formats with different file extensions. For example, you may have downloaded an EXE, INF, ZIP, or SYS file. Each file type has a slighty different installation procedure to follow. Visit our to watch helpful step-by-step videos on how to install drivers based on their file extension. How to Install DriversAfter you have found the right driver, follow these simple instructions to install it. Power off your device. Disconnect the device from your computer.
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Reconnect the device and power it on. Double click the driver download to extract it. If a language option is given, select your language.
Follow the directions on the installation program screen. Reboot your computer.